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- How will CD-ROMs affect Hypertext?
- ==================================
-
- Thinking about all the epic storage devices becoming available in CD-ROMS,
- WORMS, and laser disks, might cause one to have dreams filled with hypertext.
- But, there are also several reasons why hypertext is not suited for CD-ROMs.
-
- I'll cover this in a moment. But first, let's consider the storage space:
-
- Type of storage Approximate Capacity
- =============== ====================
- Laser disk (12) Stores 54,000 pictures (1,200 megabytes)
- CD-ROM Compact-disk read-only memory (600 megabytes)
- WORM Write-once read-many (400-600 megabytes)
-
- Sounds great. However, is it relevant to hypertext <file65 KNOWLEDGE>?
-
- I think the main purpose of hypertext is to allow users to browse through
- information. This process has two implications concerning language and
- structure.
-
- LANGUAGE With respect to language, users will vary greatly in their
- ======== understanding of the jargon, vocabulary, or classifications
- in a system of knowledge. For beginning users, an ideal
- hypertext system should help them understand the
- categorization methods used to describe the ideas within
- the field of search. <file55 IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE>
-
- STRUCTURE This is easily accomplished by organizing all information
- ========= into clear hierarchies <file50 DEFINITION>. As users
- access a component of information organized within a
- hierarchical system, they can't help but expand, modify, or
- reaffirm their understanding of the structure of all
- information within the system. That's language
- acquisition!
-
- At the other limits, with expert users who already
- understand the language of the field, an ideal hypertext
- system should index information not by language, but by
- idea content.
-
- The important observation is that both of these processes first require
- the information to be intelligently organized. That's the value added by
- builders of hypertext systems <file43 EXAMPLES> . . . and that's not the way
- most large systems of information are currently organized.
-
- The large data systems that might use the 500-1,200-megabyte systems are
- already biased into free-file relational approaches -- using either key word
- searches or set intersections methods. See example in <file23>.
-
- That's great . . .,
-
- - if you already know the language in the system of knowledge,
- - if you understand set operations,
- - if you want absolute pattern matches rather than "close fits,"
- - if you know all the synonyms for what you're looking for, or
- - if you are willing to search using all combinations of synonyms.
-
- The truth is that with even the largest most sophisticated commercial
- free-field relational systems in the legal field, even experienced users
- typically find only 21 to 23 percent of the relevant cases. <file69 EXAMPLE>
-
- Nevertheless, I imagine many firms put large amounts of information into
- relational CD-ROM or WORM systems for two reasons: It is easy to copy paper
- to disk (relational systems do work at a primitive level), and it avoids the
- time and expense of intelligently reorganizing the information using hypertext
- approaches.
-
- So, you'll see encyclopedias, dictionaries, manuals of style, and other such
- tools on CD-ROM disks -- with the computer adding only speed to the page turning.
- But there is nothing new there to help users acquire the language or structure
- of the information (i.e., knowledge) contained. <file75 KNOWLEDGE>
-
- If the information format didn't transmit knowledge before, putting it on the
- computer will gain nothing. Knowledge is not merely a composite of references,
- but rather understanding the structure that has been embedded into the system.
- Receiving information without the structure simply converts information into
- data. <file62 VALUE OF INFORMATION>
-
- It's easy to celebrate the Information Age <file51 DEF.> and all the tools
- that produce information (word processors, databases, spreadsheets, radios,
- magazines, etc.). But it is more difficult to acquire understanding as you
- may be drowning in information . . . and parched dry in knowledge.
-
- If there is only an ounce of knowledge in every ton of available
- information, putting it on CD-ROMs doesn't help many people. Without
- getting into the differences between data, facts, information, insight,
- knowledge, wisdom, values, and behavior <file46 DEF.>, let me just say that:
-
-
- For one client:
-
- ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ We hypertexted 3 feet of paper (2 megabytes of technical │
- │ rulings) onto three floppy disks. │
- │ │
- │ We will update the system with the new rulings (one disk per │
- │ month containing 500K of information). │
- │ │
- │ We think the CD-ROM cross-over point exceeds 30 megs (cheaper │
- │ CD-ROM than hard disk). │
- │ For details, see <file43> │
- └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- The reason we created a floppy disk hypertext systems centered on:
-
- - the size of the knowledge system (ultimately 8,000 files - 40K links)
- - the number of users (1000-10,000)
- - the computer technology on the desks of the users (all hard disk)
- - the percentage of changes to the system with each update (5%-20%)
- - the frequency of update (every 3-6 weeks)
-
- From my understanding of how new markets open, most hypertext opportunities
- <file80 OPPORTUNITIES> will first occur in information niches, where the
- benefit gained is not the size of the system in megabytes, but in the value of
- the information on the disk. See <file29 TYPES OF INFORMATION>.
-
- Whether this value comes from improvement in accessibility, completeness,
- currentness, skill expansion, or time savings, both the people adding this
- value as well as the end users of such hypertext systems may have initial
- biases against using CD-ROM technologies. <file44 HYPERTEXT AND SOCIETY>
-
- Again, if you consider the formats and sources, most information suitable for
- hypertext treatment (whether governmental or private) exists in text formats.
- Whether specifications, rulings, laws, depositions, hearings, etc., the ratio
- of pictorial to text information in the printed world is extremely low.
-
- For these reasons, I think CD-ROMs are not now crucial to many forms of
- hypertext. However, there's an exception.
-
- The Chinese have said that one picture is worth a thousand words. But in
- current computers, a picture might take from 3,000 to 5,000 words in storage
- space while communicating perhaps 100 words of information. CD-ROM or WORM
- disks <file22 STORAGE DISCUSSION> will be important only if you need a large
- number of high-resolution pictures in your hypertext system.
-
- For my conclusion, the current floppy/hard disk configurations can support
- impressive textual knowledge systems. However, with hypertext systems
- centering on graphics, pictures, audio, and video segments, CD-ROMs are
- necessary.
-
- 1/10/88 Postscript -- I just finished reading about CD-ROMs in Microsoft's
- ================== SYSTEM JOURNAL magazine claiming:
-
- CD-ROM mastering costs -- $3,000 to $10,000 per disk
- Cost of each CD-ROM disk -- $3.00
- Cost of CD-ROM drives -- $1,000 (using MS-DOS standard HSG format)
-
- From my viewpoint, if the users of my 8 megabyte hypertext system all had
- CD-ROM drives, I'll fill the remaining 492 megabytes of my CD-ROM with
- supporting video. In effect, rather than add more hypertext links, I'd use
- the storage space to enhance the communication of the contained knowledge.
- See <file55 KNOWLEDGE DEF.>
-
- However, this totally overlooks a completely different reason for shifts to
- CD-ROM formats. For example, CD-ROMs are an attractive format for software
- publishers who wish to reduce unauthorized copying (piracy) of their efforts.
- Given the choice, every software publisher I know would gladly shift from
- $1.00 a disk (floppy formats) to $3.00 a disk (CD-ROM formats).
-
- Look at it this way. Users want storage space and developers want piracy
- protection. The interests of both may bring CD-ROMs rapidly to the market.
-
- Neil Larson 1/16/88 FILE20
- 44 Rincon Rd., Kensington, CA 94707
- Copyright MaxThink 1988 -- Call 415-428-0104 for permission to reprint
-